Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Basic Certification Practice Exam

What is pericardial tamponade?

1. Fluid accumulation in the heart chambers

2. Fluid in the pericardium that impedes the heart

3. Inflammation of the pericardium

4. Blockage of the coronary arteries

The correct answer is: Fluid in the pericardium that impedes the heart

Pericardial tamponade refers specifically to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space, which is the area surrounding the heart. This fluid buildup creates pressure on the heart, restricting its ability to expand fully during diastole, the phase when the heart fills with blood. As a result, the heart cannot pump effectively, leading to decreased cardiac output and potentially severe complications if not treated promptly. The correct understanding of this condition is crucial for EMTs, as it can manifest in patients post-cardiac surgery, following trauma, or due to other underlying conditions that lead to fluid accumulation. Recognizing the signs and symptoms, such as muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distension, and hypotension, can guide EMTs in delivering timely and effective care. Other options describe different conditions: fluid accumulation in the heart chambers typically refers to congestive heart failure rather than the pericardial space, inflammation of the pericardium is known as pericarditis, and blockage of the coronary arteries pertains to coronary artery disease, which primarily affects blood flow to the heart muscle itself instead of the surrounding pericardial sac. Understanding these distinctions further clarifies why option B accurately represents pericardial tamponade